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• Defects in Hard Chromium Deposits Part I: Causes and Cures

  The causes of and remedies for defects in hard chromium deposits are explored in the first of this two-part P&SF article from 1984.  Photomicrographs and SEM (scanning electron microscope) photo­graphs will illustrate that most defects in various hard chromium deposits arise from defects in the basis metal. These defects may be in the original metal surface or may be caused by preplate finishing. Homogeneous hard chromium deposits can be produced only by eliminating these defects. Practical suggestions and procedures will be given.

• Electroless Nickel Coatings: Appearance, Gloss and Surface Morphology

  For decorative coatings, appearance is the essential purpose for application, but also for functional surface finishes it becomes increasingly relevant as an added value on top of specified technical requirements.  Appearance is affected by spectrum and intensity of incident light, roughness and morphology of the coating surface, optical properties of the coating material, eventual superficial oxide films, and individual perception.  The predominant factor is surface roughness, which in turn depends on base material roughness, quality of substrate pretreatment, and nucleation and growth kinetics of the electroless nickel (EN) deposit. Interdependency of gloss measurements with roughness measurements and with chemical composition of coatings was investigated for new generation mid-P EN processes and compared to traditional ones.

• A Pulse/Pulse Reverse Electrolytic Approach to Electropolishing and Through-Mask Electroetching

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